This book describes principles, industry practices and evolutionary methodologies for advanced safety studies, which are helpful in effectively managing volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) environments within the framework of quantitative risk assessment and management and associated with the safety and resilience of structures and infrastructures with tolerance against various types of extreme conditions and accidents such as fires, explosions, collisions and grounding. It presents advanced computational models for characterizing structural actions and their effects in extreme and accidental conditions, which are highly nonlinear and non-Gaussian in association with multiple physical processes, multiple scales, and multiple criteria. Probabilistic scenario selection practices and applications are presented.
Engineering practices for structural crashworthiness analysis in extreme conditions and accidents are described. Multidisciplinary approaches involving advanced computational models and large-scale physical model testing are emphasized. The book will be useful to students at a post-graduate level as well as researchers and practicing engineers.
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Preface
About the AuthorComputer Programs UsedAbbreviations1. Principles of Structural Safety Studies 1.1 Types of Extreme and Accidental Events 1.2 Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous Environments 1.3 Modeling of Random Parameters Affecting Structural Safety 1.4 Limit States and Risks 1.5 Future Trends Toward Advanced Structural Safety Studies References2. Probabilistic Selection of Event Scenarios 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Procedure for Event Scenarios Selection 2.3 Random Parameters Affecting an Event 2.4 Data Sources 2.5 Probability Density Functions 2.6 Latin Hypercube Sampling 2.7 Exercises to Select Event Scenarios References3. Limit State-Based Safety Studies 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Ultimate Limit States 3.3 Accidental Limit States 3.4 Fatigue Limit States 3.5 Serviceability Limit States 3.6 Health Condition Monitoring, Assessment, and Prediction References 4. Risk-Based Safety Studies 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Types of Risk 4.3 Main Tasks for Risk-Based Safety Studies 4.4 Planning a Risk-Based Safety Study 4.5 Defining the Structural System 4.6 Identifying Hazards 4.7 Selecting Scenarios 4.8 Conducting Frequency Analyses 4.9 Conducting Consequence Analyses4.10 Calculating Risk 4.11 Frequency Exceedance Diagrams 4.12 Risk Acceptance Criteria 4.13 Defining Risk Mitigation OptionsReferences
5. Safety Assessment of Damaged Structures 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Residual Strength-Damage Index Diagram 5.3 Hull Collapse-Based Safety Assessment of Ships Damaged by Grounding 5.4 Rapid Planning of Rescue and Salvage Operations References
6. Computational Models for Ship Structural Load Analysis in Ocean Waves 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Methods for Determining the Structural Loads of Ships in Ocean Waves 6.3 Design Wave Loads of a Very Large Crude Oil Carrier 6.4 Design Wave Loads of a 9,300-TEU Containership 6.5 Design Wave Loads of a 22,000-TEU Containership 6.6 Design Wave Loads of a 25,000-TEU Containership 6.7 Comparison of Design Wave Loads Between Ships of Different Sizes References7. Computational Models for Offshore Structural Load Analysis in Collisions 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Methods for Determining the Structural Loads of Offshore Platforms in Collisions 7.3 Structural Collision Loads of a Fixed Type Offshore Platform References8. Computational Models for Gas Cloud Temperature Analysis in Fires 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Industry Fire Curves 8.3 Gas Cloud Temperatures of Steel and Concrete Tubular Members in Jet Fire 8.4 Gas Cloud Temperatures in Jet Fire Caused by the Combustion of Propane Gases 8.5 Convergence Study in Fire Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling Techniques References9. Computational Models for Blast Pressure Load Analysis in Explosions 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Industry Practices of Blast Pressure Loads 9.3 Analysis of Gas Dispersion 9.4 Analysis of Gas Explosions 9.5 Effects of Structural Congestion and Surrounding Obstacles References10. Computational Models for Nonlinear Structural Response Analysis in Extreme Loads 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Incremental Galerkin Method 10.3 Intelligent Supersize Finite Element Method 10.4 Nonlinear Finite Element Method References11. Computational Models for Structural Crashworthiness Analysis in Collisions and Grounding 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Material Property Modeling 11.3 Type of Finite Elements 11.4 Size of Finite Elements 11.5 Strain-Rate Effect Modeling 11.6 Contact Problem Modeling 11.7 Friction Effect Modeling 11.8 Surrounding Water Effect Modeling 11.9 Modeling the Interaction Effects between Striking and Struck Bodies 11.10 Impact Response Modeling at Low Temperatures References12. Computational Models for Structural Crashworthiness Analysis in Fires 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Nonlinear Finite Element Method Modeling 12.3 Automated Export of Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations to Heat Transfer Analysis 12.4 Heat Transfer Analysis Models Without Passive Fire Protection 12.5 Heat Transfer Analysis Models with Passive Fire Protection 12.6 Combined Thermal and Structural Response Analysis Models 12.7 Effects of Heating Rate 12.8 Effects of Fire Loading Path 12.9 Effects of the Interaction Between Heat Transfer and Structural Response References13. Computational Models for Structural Crashworthiness Analysis in Explosions 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Nonlinear Finite Element Method Modeling 13.3 Topside Module of a Floating, Production, Storage, and Offloading Unit 13.4 Further Considerations References14. Quantitative Collision Risk Assessment and Management 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Procedure for Assessing Collision Risk 14.3 Selection of Collision Scenarios 14.4 Analysis of Collision Frequency 14.5 Analysis of Collision Consequence 14.6 Calculation of Collision Risk 14.7 Collision Risk Exceedance Diagrams 14.8 Risk of Hull Collapse Followed by Total Loss 14.9 Collision Risk Management References15. Quantitative Grounding Risk Assessment and Management 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Procedure for Assessing Grounding Risk 15.3 Methods for Assessing Ship Grounding Risk 15.4 Analysis of Grounding Frequency 15.5 Analysis of Grounding Consequence 15.6 Calculation of Grounding Risk 15.7 Grounding Risk Exceedance Diagrams 15.8 Risk to Hull Collapse Followed by Total Loss 15.9 Grounding Risk Management References16. Quantitative Fire Risk Assessment and Management 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Fundamentals of Fire Safety Engineering 16.3 Procedure for Assessing Fire Risk 16.4 Selection of Fire Scenarios 16.5 Analysis of Fire Frequency 16.6 Analysis of Fire Loads 16.7 Analysis of Fire Consequences 16.8 Calculation of Fire Risk\ 16.9 Fire Risk Exceedance Diagrams 16.10 Fire Risk Management References17. Quantitative Explosion Risk Assessment and Management 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Procedure for Assessing Explosion Risk 17.3 Selection of Gas Dispersion Scenarios 17.4 Analysis of Gas Dispersion 17.5 Selection of Explosion Scenarios 17.6 Analysis of Explosion Frequency 17.7 Analysis of Explosion Loads 17.8 Analysis of Explosion Consequences 17.9 Calculation of Explosion Risk 17.10 Explosion Risk Management References18. Facilities for Physical Model Testing 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Similarity Laws for Structural Mechanics Model Testing 18.3 Scaling Laws for Hydrodynamic Model Testing 18.4 Experimental Definition of Material Properties 18.5 Measurements of Fabrication-Related Initial Imperfections 18.6 Structural Failure Tests 18.7 Dropped Object Testing 18.8 Furnace Fire Tests 18.9 Fire Collapse Tests 18.10 Indoor Fire Tests 18.11 Outdoor Fire/Explosion Tests 18.12 Blast Wall Tests 18.13 Hyperbaric Pressure Tests ReferencesAppendices
